Softskill Bahasa
Inggris Bisnis 2
Tenses and Exercises
Simple Present Tense
The present
tense is a grammatical tense whose principal
function is to locate a situation or event in present time. The Present Tense
describes the things you do every day. Note the use of an "s" at the
end of the verb when describing a man, a woman, or a thing. The term
"present tense" is usually used in descriptions of specific languages
to refer to a particular grammatical form or set of forms; these may have a
variety of uses, not all of which will necessarily refer to present time. The
Present Tense describes the things you do every day. Note the use of an
"s" at the end of the verb when describing a man, a woman, or a
thing.
USE 1 Repeated
Actions
Use the Simple
Present to express the idea that an action is repeated or usual. The action can
be a habit, a hobby, a daily event, a scheduled event or something that often
happens. It can also be something a person often forgets or usually does not
do.
Examples:
·
I play tennis.
·
She does not play tennis.
·
Does he play tennis?
USE 2 Facts or
Generalizations
The Simple
Present can also indicate the speaker believes that a fact was true before, is
true now, and will be true in the future. It is not important if the speaker is
correct about the fact. It is also used to make generalizations about people or
things.
Examples:
·
Cats like milk.
·
Birds do not like milk.
·
Do pigs like milk?
USE 3 Scheduled
Events in the Near Future
Speakers
occasionally use Simple Present to talk about scheduled events in the near
future. This is most commonly done when talking about public transportation,
but it can be used with other scheduled events as well.
Examples:
·
The train leaves tonight at 6
PM.
·
The bus does not arrive at 11
AM, it arrives at 11 PM.
·
When do we board the
plane?
USE 4 Now
(Non-Continuous Verbs)
Speakers
sometimes use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is
happening or is not happening now. This can only be done with Non-Continuous Verbs and certain Mixed Verbs.
Examples:
·
I am here now.
·
He needs help right now.
·
He does not need help now.
ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples
below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never,
ever, still, just, etc.
Examples:
·
You only speak English.
·
Do you only speak English?
ACTIVE / PASSIVE
Examples:
·
Once a week, Tom cleans the
car. Active
·
Once a week, the car is cleaned by
Tom. Passive
Simple Past Tense
The past
tense is a grammatical tense whose
principal function is to place an action or situation in past time. In
languages which have a past tense, it thus provides a grammatical means of indicating
that the event being referred to took place in the past. Examples of verbs in the past tense include the
English verbs sang, went and was.
Complete List of Simple Past Forms
USE 1 Completed
Action in the Past
Use the Simple
Past to express the idea that an action started and finished at a specific time
in the past. Sometimes, the speaker may not actually mention the specific time,
but they do have one specific time in mind.
Examples:
·
I saw a movie yesterday.
·
I didn't see a play yesterday.
·
Last year, I traveled to Japan.
USE 2 A Series of
Completed Actions
We use the Simple
Past to list a series of completed actions in the past. These actions happen
1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and so on.
Examples:
·
I finished work, walked to
the beach, and found a nice place to swim.
·
He arrived from the airport at
8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00, and met the others at
10:00.
·
Did you add flour, pour in
the milk, and then add the eggs?
USE 3 Duration in
Past
The Simple Past
can be used with a duration which starts and stops in the past. A duration is a
longer action often indicated by expressions such as: for two years, for five
minutes, all day, all year, etc.
Examples:
·
I lived in Brazil for two years.
·
Shauna studied Japanese for five
years.
·
A : How
long did you wait for them?
B :
We waited for one hour.
USE 4 Habits in
the Past
The Simple Past
can also be used to describe a habit which stopped in the past. It can have the
same meaning as "used to." To make it clear that we are
talking about a habit, we often add expressions such as: always, often, usually,
never, when I was a child, when I was younger, etc.
Examples:
·
I studied French when I was a child.
·
He played the violin.
·
He didn't play the piano.
USE 5 Past Facts
or Generalizations
The Simple Past
can also be used to describe past facts or generalizations which are no longer
true. As in USE 4 above, this use of the Simple Past is quite similar to the
expression "used to."
Examples:
·
She was shy as a child, but now she
is very outgoing.
·
He didn't like tomatoes before.
·
Did you live in Texas when
you were a kid?
IMPORTANT
When-Clauses Happen First
Clauses are
groups of words which have meaning but are often not complete sentences. Some
clauses begin with the word "when" such as "when I dropped my
pen..." or "when class began..." These clauses are called
when-clauses, and they are very important. The examples below contain
when-clauses.
Examples:
·
When I paid her one dollar, she answered my
question.
·
She answered my question when I paid her
one dollar.
When-clauses are
important because they always happen first when both clauses are in the Simple
Past. Both of the examples above mean the same thing: first, I paid her one
dollar, and then, she answered my question. It is not important whether
"when I paid her one dollar" is at the beginning of the sentence or
at the end of the sentence. However, the example below has a different meaning.
First, she answered my question, and then, I paid her one dollar.
Example:
·
I paid her one dollar when she answered
my question.
ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples
below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never,
ever, still, just, etc.
Examples:
·
You just called Debbie.
·
Did you just call Debbie?
ACTIVE / PASSIVE
Examples:
·
Tom repaired the car. Active
·
The car was repaired by Tom. Passive
Simple Future
Tense
In grammar,
a future tense is a verb form that generally marks the event
described by the verb as not having happened yet, but expected to happen in the
future. Simple Future has two different forms in English: "will" and
"be going to." Although the two forms can sometimes be used
interchangeably, they often express two very different meanings. These
different meanings might seem too abstract at first, but with time and
practice, the differences will become clear. Both "will" and "be
going to" refer to a specific time in the future.
FORM Will
[will + verb]
Examples:
·
You will help him later.
·
Will you help him later?
·
You will not help him later.
FORM Be Going To
[am/is/are +
going to + verb]
Examples:
·
You are going to meet Jane
tonight.
·
Are you going to meet Jane
tonight?
·
You are not going to meet Jane
tonight.
Complete List of Simple Future Forms
USE 1
"Will" to Express a Voluntary Action
"Will"
often suggests that a speaker will do something voluntarily. A voluntary action
is one the speaker offers to do for someone else. Often, we use
"will" to respond to someone else's complaint or request for help. We
also use "will" when we request that someone help us or volunteer to
do something for us. Similarly, we use "will not" or
"won't" when we refuse to voluntarily do something.
Examples:
·
I will send you the
information when I get it.
·
Will you help me move this
heavy table?
·
A: I'm really hungry.
B: I'll make some
sandwiches.
USE 2
"Will" to Express a Promise
"Will"
is usually used in promises.
Examples:
·
I will call you when I
arrive.
·
If I am elected President of the United
States, I will make sure everyone has access to inexpensive
health insurance.
·
I promise I will not tell him
about the surprise party.
USE 3 "Be
going to" to Express a Plan
"Be going
to" expresses that something is a plan. It expresses the idea that a
person intends to do something in the future. It does not matter whether the
plan is realistic or not.
Examples:
·
He is going to spend his
vacation in Hawaii.
·
She is not going to spend her
vacation in Hawaii.
·
A: When are we going
to meet each other tonight?
B: We are
going to meet at 6 PM.
USE 4
"Will" or "Be Going to" to Express a Prediction
Both
"will" and "be going to" can express the idea of a general
prediction about the future. Predictions are guesses about what might happen in
the future. In "prediction" sentences, the subject usually has little
control over the future and therefore USES 1-3 do not apply. In the following
examples, there is no difference in meaning.
Examples:
·
The year 2222 will be a very
interesting year.
·
The year 2222 is going to be a
very interesting year.
·
John Smith will be the next
President.
IMPORTANT
In the Simple
Future, it is not always clear which USE the speaker has in mind. Often, there
is more than one way to interpret a sentence's meaning.
Like all future
forms, the Simple Future cannot be used in clauses beginning with time
expressions such as: when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if,
unless, etc. Instead of Simple Future, Simple Present is used.
Examples:
·
When you will arrive tonight,
we will go out for dinner. Not Correct
·
When you arrive tonight, we
will go out for dinner. Correct
ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples
below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never,
ever, still, just, etc.
Examples:
·
You will never help him.
·
Are you ever going to meet
Jane?
ACTIVE / PASSIVE
Examples:
·
John will finish the work by
5:00 PM. Active
·
The work will be finished by
5:00 PM. Passive
·
Sally is going to make a
beautiful dinner tonight. Active
·
A beautiful dinner is going to be made by
Sally tonight. Passive
Present Perfect
Tense
The present
perfect is a grammatical combination of the present tense and
the perfect aspect,
used to express a past event that has present consequences. The term is used
particularly in the context of English grammar, where it refers
to forms such as "I have left" and "Sue has died". These
forms are present because they use the present tense of
the auxiliary
verb have,
and perfect because they use that auxiliary in combination
with the past participle of the main
verb. (Other perfect constructions also exist, such as the past perfect: "I had
eaten.")
Complete List of Present Perfect
Forms
USE 1 Unspecified
Time Before Now
We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not important. You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. We CAN use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc.
Examples:
·
I have seen that movie twenty
times.
·
I think I have met him once
before.
·
There have been many
earthquakes in California.
·
People have traveled to the
Moon.
How Do You
Actually Use the Present Perfect?
The concept of
"unspecified time" can be very confusing to English learners. It is
best to associate Present Perfect with the following topics:
TOPIC 1
Experience
You can use the
Present Perfect to describe your experience. It is like saying, "I have
the experience of..." You can also use this tense to say that you have
never had a certain experience. The Present Perfect is NOT used to describe a
specific event.
Examples:
·
I have been to France.
This sentence
means that you have had the experience of being in France. Maybe you have been
there once, or several times.
·
I have been to France three
times.
You can add the
number of times at the end of the sentence.
·
I have never been to
France.
This sentence
means that you have not had the experience of going to France.
TOPIC 2 Change
Over Time
We often use the
Present Perfect to talk about change that has happened over a period of time.
Examples:
·
You have grown since the last
time I saw you.
·
The government has become more
interested in arts education.
·
Japanese has become one of
the most popular courses at the university since the Asian studies program was
established.
TOPIC 3
Accomplishments
We often use the
Present Perfect to list the accomplishments of individuals and humanity. You
cannot mention a specific time.
Examples:
·
Man has walked on the Moon.
·
Our son has learned how to
read.
TOPIC 4 An
Uncompleted Action You Are Expecting
We often use the
Present Perfect to say that an action which we expected has not happened. Using
the Present Perfect suggests that we are still waiting for the action to
happen.
Examples:
·
James has not finished his
homework yet.
·
Susan hasn't mastered Japanese,
but she can communicate.
TOPIC 5 Multiple
Actions at Different Times
We also use the
Present Perfect to talk about several different actions which have occurred in
the past at different times. Present Perfect suggests the process is not
complete and more actions are possible.
Examples:
·
The army has attacked that
city five times.
·
I have had four quizzes and
five tests so far this semester.
Time Expressions
with Present Perfect
When we use the
Present Perfect it means that something has happened at some point in our lives
before now. Remember, the exact time the action happened is not important
Sometimes, we
want to limit the time we are looking in for an experience. We can do this with
expressions such as: in the last week, in the last year, this week, this month,
so far, up to now, etc.
Examples:
·
Have you been to
Mexico in the last year?
·
I have seen that movie six
times in the last month.
·
They have had three
tests in the last week.
·
She graduated from university less than three
years ago. She has worked for three different companies so
far.
NOTICE
"Last
year" and "in the last year" are very different in meaning.
"Last year" means the year before now, and it is considered a
specific time which requires Simple Past. "In the
last year" means from 365 days ago until now. It is not considered a
specific time, so it requires Present Perfect.
Examples:
·
I went to Mexico last
year.
I went to Mexico
in the calendar year before this one.
·
I have been to Mexico in
the last year.
I have been to
Mexico at least once at some point between 365 days ago and now.
USE 2 Duration
From the Past Until Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)
With Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Present Perfect to show
that something started in the past and has continued up until now. "For
five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Tuesday" are
all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect.
Examples:
·
I have had a cold for two
weeks.
·
She has been in England for
six months.
·
Mary has loved chocolate
since she was a little girl.
Although the
above use of Present Perfect is normally limited to Non-Continuous Verbs and
non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words "live,"
"work," "teach," and "study" are sometimes used
in this way even though they are NOT Non-Continuous Verbs.
ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples
below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never,
ever, still, just, etc.
Examples:
·
You have only seen that movie
one time.
·
Have you only seen that movie
one time?
ACTIVE / PASSIVE
Examples:
·
Many tourists have visited that
castle. Active
·
That castle has been visited by
many tourists. Passive
Tidak ada komentar:
Posting Komentar